The Iran war exposed just how much the world relied on a narrow 20-mile-wide waterway. Soon after the U.S. launched strikes on Iran, the latter threatened to strike ships trying to traverse the Strait of Hormuz, the channel for much of the Middle East’s oil and gas exports. The threat of shortages pushed countries across Asia to impose export bans, cut import duties, and start rationing fuel to maintain supplies.
Six months since the onset of the war, doomsday scenarios—price spikes, long lines at gas stations, power outages, and grounded flights—haven’t quite come to fruition, as increased production and hefty stockpiles blunted some of the damage.
It seems that normality, in some form, could be returning to the Strait. On Wednesday, Iran announced a new revenue-sharing agreement over the waterway, though a military spokesperson blamed the U.S. for “obstructing this process.”
Yet the revelation of how easy it was for Iran to block, and continue blocking, one of the world’s most important waterways is pushing governments to diversify their sources of energy.
And now, with the prospect of a U.S.-Iran deal in the near-term on life support and Iranian control of Hormuz now looking secure for years to come, what previously saved the global oil market in the first half of the year might not work for a second time.
“Global oil and gas supply is still a major point of geopolitical leverage,” says Saul Kavonic, head of energy research at MST Financial. “Notwithstanding the rise of alternative and green technologies over the past decade, the global economy is still very reliant on oil and gas.”
“Hostile actors can threaten that for their geopolitical ends.”
A ‘big wake up call’
Before the war, roughly a fifth of the world’s oil trade passed through the Strait of Hormuz, which sits between Iran and Oman. More than 80% of that cargo was bound for Asia, primarily China, India, Japan, and South Korea.
“Before this crisis many market observers would have told you it would be impossible to block or completely close the Strait of Hormuz, because a country like Iran did not have the capabilities. They tried in the 1980s, but they did not succeed,” says Carole Nakhle, CEO at Crystol Energy, an energy consultancy.
Yet the conflict has shown “how easy and inexpensive it has become to threaten very expensive energy infrastructure,” she added, with relatively cheap drones capable of putting refineries, pipelines, ports, and other multibillion-dollar facilities at risk.
“This has been the big wake-up call for the entire global energy industry. It’s a fundamental paradigm shift of the last 50 years of the energy industry,” says Kavonic. “We’re moving from just-in-time supply chains to just-in-case supply chains.”
Energy importers are starting to diversify. Before the war, the Middle East accounted for 90% of Japan’s crude oil imports, and roughly 11% of its liquefied natural gas. “Japan found it was more vulnerable than expected, particularly when it comes to LNG—it imports 100% of its energy,” says Kavonic. “In Japan, if the LNG doesn’t arrive, the lights go off and the country shuts down.”
Now, Tokyo is investing elsewhere to shore up future supplies. Japan’s Inpex, for example, formed a joint venture to expand its LNG investment in Australia’s Northern Territory.
“It’s boomtime for Woodside and Chevron, two big LNG players who aren’t too concentrated in the Middle East. The oil majors are now also rapidly ramping up their investment in LNG,” Kavonic says, spotting an opportunity for buyers to diversify their sources of gas away from the Middle East.
Exporters, too, are diversifying. For oil exporters, the major lesson has been the need to invest in alternate supply routes. That includes ploughing billions into building out ports in ports on both the western side of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf of Oman, effectively bypassing the strait entirely. Oil producers are also investing in pipelines, like Saudi Arabia’s East-West pipeline. If all these additional investments pan out, only 10% of the world’s oil will need to travel through the Strait of Hormuz, down from 20% before the war.
Gas, far more than oil, could become the key energy commodity hurt by a prolonged closure of the Strait of Hormuz. While crude oil can be carried via pipeline–perhaps from oil producers in the Persian Gulf to ports on the western side of the Arabian Peninsula–gas can’t, meaning there are no alternative routes to get LNG to Asia if Hormuz is blocked.
Qatar, one of the world’s leading producers of LNG, is trying to find some way to keep its export routes open, through diplomacy, finding new customers, and taking rare opportunities to get their product through Hormuz. It has also set up a fast recovery timeline so it can restart production once the strait reopens.
Escaping an energy collapse
Things didn’t collapse as analysts feared at the beginning of the conflict. In April, for example, the head of the International Energy Agency predicted that flights may soon need to be grounded in Europe due to jet fuel shortages.
While oil prices did surge to as high as $126 per barrel, they didn’t hit the $150 to $200 a barrel level that some analysts feared. And while several Asian countries imposed emergency measures to conserve fuel, a lengthy and catastrophic shortage never materialized. “The global market is proving to be more resilient to major supply shocks than many thought,” Kavonic says.
One reason was the sheer amount of oil sitting in reserve. The IEA mandates that its 32 member countries stockpile at least 90 days’ worth of oil; similar mandates for gas stockpiles were imposed after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
In March, the agency coordinated the release of 400 million barrels from these emergency oil stockpiles, the largest such intervention in its history.
Oil producers like the U.S., Saudi Arabia and the UAE also increased their production and carrying capacity. Yet perhaps the unsung hero in the market was China, which drew on its huge stockpiles, leaving more oil in the market for other economies.
“OPEC has lost its primary role as global oil market manager,” Kavonic says, referring to the cartel that tries to maintain the global prices of oil. “It’s now moved to China.”
He notes that China’s increased leverage in oil markets will have repercussions throughout the Pacific. “We can see how dependent Pacific Island nations are on diesel to keep the lights on. So we’ve seen countries in Asia not just have to manage their own imports but support the Pacific as well. Otherwise 30 years of Pacific policy could be undermined in a few months.”
But how long this will last is unclear, particularly now that tensions between Iran and the U.S. have flared up again, and a prolonged closure of the Strait of Hormuz now looks likely.
“We spent the last four months living on the oil market credit card. And if we continue at that rate, that credit card will be maxed out in a few months,” Kavonic says.
Fortune will host several sessions on what a more complicated geopolitical world means for Asia’s businesses at the upcoming Fortune Leaders Forum, hosted in Macau on Sep. 8. Learn more here.
The ongoing conflict between the United States and Iran has highlighted the critical importance of the Strait of Hormuz, a 20-mile-wide waterway that serves as a vital channel for oil and gas exports from the Middle East. Following U.S. military strikes on Iran, the latter threatened to target vessels attempting to navigate this crucial strait, exacerbating fears of potential energy shortages. In response, several Asian countries imposed export bans, reduced import duties, and instituted fuel rationing to safeguard their energy supplies.
Despite initial doomsday scenarios that predicted severe repercussions like soaring prices, extensive fuel shortages, and disrupted air travel, these fears have not fully materialized six months into the conflict. Increased oil production and significant reserves have mitigated some of the anticipated damage, allowing for a semblance of normalcy to return to the Strait. Recently, Iran announced a new revenue-sharing agreement concerning the waterway, although a military representative accused the U.S. of hindering progress.
The ease with which Iran can disrupt global shipping through the Strait of Hormuz has prompted governments to reconsider their energy sourcing strategies. With the likelihood of a U.S.-Iran diplomatic resolution appearing bleak and Iranian influence over the Strait seemingly entrenched for the foreseeable future, the mechanisms that stabilized the global oil market earlier this year may not suffice in the long run.
Experts like Saul Kavonic, head of energy research at MST Financial, emphasize that global reliance on oil and gas remains a significant geopolitical factor. Despite advancements in alternative energy technologies, the global economy continues to depend heavily on fossil fuels, leaving it vulnerable to threats from hostile actors.
Prior to the conflict, approximately 20% of the world’s oil trade passed through the Strait of Hormuz, primarily destined for Asian markets such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea. Observers previously believed that Iran lacked the capability to effectively block this critical waterway, recalling its unsuccessful attempts to do so during the 1980s. However, the current situation has illustrated how relatively inexpensive technology, such as drones, can pose significant risks to vital energy infrastructure.
This reality has served as a « wake-up call » for the global energy industry. The shift from a « just-in-time » supply chain model to a « just-in-case » approach is underway, prompting energy importers to explore diversification. For instance, Japan, which relied heavily on the Middle East for its crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), has recognized its vulnerability and is now investing in alternative energy sources. Tokyo has initiated partnerships to expand LNG endeavors in regions like Australia, reducing its dependency on Middle Eastern supplies.
Simultaneously, oil exporters are also reevaluating their strategies. The conflict has highlighted the importance of developing alternative supply routes. Major investments are being directed towards new infrastructure, including ports on the western side of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf of Oman, to bypass the Strait of Hormuz entirely. Should these ventures succeed, it is estimated that only 10% of the world’s oil will need to transit through the Strait, down from 20% before the war.
In contrast, the gas market is particularly vulnerable in the event of a prolonged closure of the Strait, as there are no alternative routes for LNG exports to Asia. Qatar, a leading LNG producer, is actively seeking diplomatic avenues to maintain its export channels, while also preparing to resume production quickly should the Strait reopen.
Despite initial fears of an energy crisis, the global market has demonstrated resilience. For example, although oil prices spiked to $126 per barrel, they did not reach the catastrophic levels some analysts projected. Countries implemented emergency measures to conserve fuel, but a widespread and disastrous shortage was avoided. The International Energy Agency (IEA) played a crucial role by coordinating the release of 400 million barrels from strategic stockpiles, the largest intervention in its history.
Moreover, oil-producing nations like the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and the UAE have ramped up production to fill market gaps. China’s significant oil reserves also contributed to stabilizing the market by allowing it to draw on its stockpiles, thus freeing up more oil for other economies.
However, the long-term outlook remains uncertain. As tensions between the U.S. and Iran continue to escalate, the possibility of a prolonged closure of the Strait of Hormuz looms large. Experts warn that the global oil market has been operating on borrowed time, utilizing reserves and credit, and if this pattern persists, the consequences could be dire.
In conclusion, the Iran war has revealed the vulnerabilities of global energy supply chains, prompting a significant shift in how nations source and manage their energy. As the situation evolves, the focus on diversification and resilience in energy infrastructure will be paramount for countries reliant on the Strait of Hormuz and the broader geopolitical landscape.
